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- WORLD, Page 24AMERICA ABROADThe Deterrence Vacuum
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- By Strobe Talbott
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- The spectacle of Saddam Hussein conducting politics by other
- means concentrates the mind wonderfully. His Arab brethren have
- more reason than ever to mistrust his claim to be their
- benevolent leader. The radicals of the region have a new
- incentive for moderation. Virtually every nation in the world
- that relies on oil from the gulf now realizes with fresh
- urgency the importance of restoring a balance of power there.
- Iran has served as a counterweight to Iraq before, and it could
- do so again. If Iran were to bring about the release of the
- hostages in Lebanon, it would be rewarded by a stampede of
- Western diplomats, bankers, foreign-aid officials and arms
- merchants beating a path to Tehran.
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- Iraq's invasion of Kuwait could also have a welcome effect
- on American policy, shaking the U.S. once and for all out of
- its obsession with East-West conflict. In 1955 John Foster
- Dulles helped create the Baghdad Pact, with headquarters in
- Iraq. Its mission was to keep the Soviets out of the Middle
- East. Yet trouble came from within the region and even within
- the alliance. In 1956 Britain, a member of the pact, joined
- France and Israel in attacking Egypt. In 1958 a nationalist
- revolution overthrew the pro-Western monarchy of Iraq. The new
- regime immediately pulled out of the pact.
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- For the next three decades, the U.S. persisted in regarding
- the gulf as a giant gas station in a rough part of town
- threatened by pro-Moscow gangs and by the Soviets themselves.
- The Nixon Doctrine of 1969 deputized friendly regional
- strongmen, notably the Shah of Iran, to protect the
- neighborhood against Soviet aggression. Ten years later, the
- fall of the Shah and the Kremlin's invasion of Afghanistan
- prompted the Carter Doctrine: Soviet encroachments would be
- considered an attack on vital American interests.
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- Just as Dulles had done in the '50s, the U.S. was again
- drawing a line in the dust and warning the bad guys not to
- cross it. It is questionable that even in their most
- expansionist phase, the Soviets ever seriously considered a
- grab for the oil and warm-water ports of the gulf. But if they
- did, it is certain they took very seriously indeed the risk
- that they would end up in a war with the U.S. In short, they
- were deterred.
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- The current emergency in the gulf came about because there
- is now a vacuum of deterrence. Israel's unacknowledged but
- undisputed nuclear arsenal makes it the only Middle Eastern
- country within range of Iraq's ballistic missiles that has felt
- relatively safe. But Jerusalem is not about to offer -- and no
- Arab state would ever accept -- an Israeli nuclear umbrella
- over anyone else's head. As for Iran, even if it emerges from
- its medieval isolation, it will take a long time to regain
- enough strength to make Saddam think twice before he sends
- forth his tanks and bombers again.
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- It is up to the U.S. and the Soviet Union to fill the
- vacuum, and to do so together. Each superpower has formidable
- firepower within striking distance of Iraq and, in Saudi Arabia
- and Syria, a well-armed client state on Iraq's border. Even
- before the latest crisis, Moscow and Washington had begun to
- cooperate on other trouble spots: in Central America, southern
- Africa and Southeast Asia. Last week they joined diplomatic
- forces again, first at the United Nations, then at the meeting
- between Secretary of State James Baker and Foreign Minister
- Eduard Shevardnadze. That was the bright spot in last week's
- scary news. Therein lies the makings of something that Saddam
- never intended and Dulles would never have foreseen: an
- anti-Baghdad pact forged in Washington and Moscow -- an
- unprecedented and highly promising U.S.-Soviet joint venture
- in regional security.
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